Question No: 26 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Which of the following control techniques available to the researcher, controls both known and unknown variables?
► Building the extraneous variable into the design
► Matching
► Random assignment
► Analysis of covariance
Random Assignment
Random assignment is the most important technique that can be used to control confounding variables because it has the ability to control for both known and unknown confounding extraneous variables. Because of this characteristic, you should randomly assign whenever and wherever possible.
<!--[if !supportLists]-->· <!--[endif]-->Random assignment makes the groups similar on all variables at the start of the experiment.
<!--[if !supportLists]-->· <!--[endif]-->If random assignment is successful, the groups will be mirror images of each other.
Question No: 27 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Which of the following is more operational with the help of coding system?
► External Appearance
► Count Behaviors
► Content analysis
► Time Duration
Constructs in content analysis are operationalizing with a coding system, a set of instructions or rules on how to systematically observe and record content from text. Look at the construct of “leadership role;” for measuring this construct written rules should be provided telling how to classify people
Question No: 28 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
What is the particular advantage of secondary analysis to business students?
► It is less challenging intellectually
► It guarantees positive results
► It is less expensive and less time consuming than primary analysis
► It enables students to gain experience of the workplace
Rationale: For students conducting a small research project either as an undergraduate or postgraduate, secondary analysis of existing data should be considered as a cost and time effective way of proceeding.
Question No: 29 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Which of the following similarity is found in Qualitative research and Survey research?
► Examine topics primarily from the participants' perspectives.
► They are guided by predetermined variables to study.
► They are descriptive research methods.
► Have large sample sizes.
Question No: 30 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
A single element or group of elements that is eligible for selection via the sampling process is called a:
► Sampling panel
► Sampling unit
► Sampling error
► Sampling quota
A sampling unit is that element or set of elements considered for selection in some stage of sampling. Sampling may be done in single stage or in multiple stages.
Question No: 31 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Codes are rules for _____ data.
► Classifying
► Interpreting
► Recording
► All of the given options
Although codes are generally considered to be numerical symbols, they are more broadly defined as the rules for interpreting, classifying, and recording data.
Question No: 32 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Which of the following contain the captions for the rows of a table?
► Boxheads
► Footnotes
► Source notes
► None of the given options
A statistical table has at least four major parts and some other minor parts.
(1) The Title
(2) The Box Head (column captions)
(3) The Stub (row captions)
(4) The Body
(5) Prefatory Notes
(6) Foots Notes
(7) Source Notes
The general sketch of table indicating its necessary parts is shown below
Question No: 33 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
The experimental design that uses one-group, a treatment, and a posttest is called _________.
► One-shot case study design
► Pretest posttest control group design
► Solomon four-group design
► One-group pretest posttest design
One Group Pretest-posttest Design: This design has one group, a pretest, a treatment, and a posttest. It lacks a control group and random assignment. Continuing with the previous example, the researcher gives a group of students an attitude questionnaire to complete, shows a horror film, then has them
Question No: 34 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
When a researcher tries to say that the results of a test market in Karachi
► Internal validity
► The repeated measures effect
► Constant error
► External validity
Question No: 35 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Obtaining secondary data is typically _____ and _____ expensive than obtaining primary data.
► Faster; more
► Slower; more
► Faster; less
► Slower; less
External validity involves the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized (applied) beyond the sample. In other words, can you apply what you found in your study to other people (population validity) or settings (ecological validity). A study of fifth graders in a rural school that found one method of teaching spelling was superior to another may not be applicable with third graders (population) in an urban school (ecological).
the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized from the specific sample that was studied to a larger group of subjects
the extent to which the results of an experiment can be generalized from the set of environmental conditions created by the researcher to other environmental conditions (settings and conditions)
Question No: 36 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Which of the following is a disadvantage of secondary data?
► User has no control over their reliability and validity
► Inability to convert the data
► Typically require additional access to research respondents
► All of the given options
Question No: 37 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
The study of documents used by writers is a method of ___________.
► In-depth analysis
► Time series analysis
► Regression analysis
► None of the given options
In a way content analysis is also the study of documents through which the writers try to communicate, though some of the documents (like population census) may simply contain figures.
Question No: 38 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Historical-Comparative research focuses on:
► Its broad historical processes
► Comparing forms
► Tracing the development of social forms
► All of the given options
Historical-Comparative research focuses on:
• Tracing the development of social forms (patterns) overtime as well as its broad its broad
historical processes, and
• Comparing those forms and its developmental processes across cultures (countries/nations).
Question No: 39 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
When a manufacturer studies his most successful retailer in depth in order to determine some better ideas for displaying bicycles in its retail stores, this is an example of:
► An experiment
► A test market
► A case study
► Causal research
Researchers often use
qualitative approach to explore the case in as rich a detail as possible. The examples could be a case study of a highly successful organization, a project (Orangi Pilot Project, Karachi
Question No: 40 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
An interview conducted by a trained moderator among a small group of respondents in an unstructured and natural manner is a _________.
► Depth interview
► Focus group
► Case study
► None of the given options
A focus group is an interview with a small group of respondents conducted by a trained moderator who leads the discussion in an unstructured and natural manner. The main purpose of a focus group is to gain insights on issues of interest to the researcher by listening to a group of people from the appropriate target market. The rich information can be obtained from a free- flying group discussion
Question No: 41 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Which of the following represents this reference: Riley, T., & Brecht, M. L. (1998). The success in mentoring process. In R. Williams (Ed.) Mentoring and career success. pp. 129-150. New York
► Edited book
► Book by a single author
► Book by more than one author
► Chapter in an edited book
Chapter in an edited book
This is an article written by single or multiple authors and is printed in the edited book.
Riley, T., & Brecht, M. L. (1998). The success in mentoring process. In R. Williams (Ed.)
Mentoring and career success. pp. 129-150. New York
We start with the name(s) of the author(s); same instructions. Then the title of the article published in
this edited book. The title is in small letters except the letter of the first word. It is not to be put in italics or in bold. Give full stop at the end of the title. Then we tell about the book and its editor in which it was published. Here the editor’s name does not start with the last name, but is kept straight as initials and then the last name. It is followed by the title of the book which is in italics. After the title we specify the pages of the book on which this article appeared. Rest is the same i.e. place of publication and the publisher.
Question No: 42 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Following are the characteristics of the research EXCEPT:
► Systematic
► Data based
► Subjective approach
► Scientific inquiry
The researchers try to make use of their findings for generating theories and models that could be used for understanding human behavior and the functioning of different structures both at the micro (organizational) and macro (societal) level. Therefore, research may be considered as an organized, systematic, data based, critical, objective,
scientific inquiry or investigation into a specific problem, undertaken with the purpose of finding answers or solutions to it.
Question No: 43 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
A variable that is likely to develop with the passage of time between the independent and dependent variable is called:
► Moderating Variable
► Intervening Variable
► Confounding Variable
► Predictor Variable
Question No: 44 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Which type of research is involved in preliminary data collection stage?
► Descriptive
► Exploratory
► Explanatory
► Cannot be determined at this stage of research
Question No: 45 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Which one of the following is NOT a type of scales used in measurement of concepts?
► Normal Scale
► Ordinal Scale
► Interval scale
► Ratio Scale
types of Measurement Scales
Nominal, Ordinal Scale, Interval scale, Ratio Scale
Question No: 46 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
A measure is reliable if it provides consistent ___________.
► Hypothesis
► Results
► Procedure
► Sensitivity
Question No: 47 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Which of the following typically does NOT apply to observers in survey research studies?
► They observe predetermined activities.
► They are participant observers.
► They obtain information by watching rather than asking.
► They must be careful not to influence the activities they observe.
Question No: 48 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Which of the following is NOT a longitudinal study?
► Panel study
► Trend study
► Cohort study
► Census study
Question No: 49 ( Marks: 3 )
Do you think that case studies are empirical? Explain.
Question No: 50 ( Marks: 3 )
How would you differentiate between History Effect and Mechanical Loss in Experimental research?
History Effect
A specific event in the external environment occurring between the first and second
measurement that is beyond the control of the experimenter and that affects the validity of an
experiment. Advertisement of a particular product (mineral water) and its sale is affected by an event in the society (contamination of drinking water). The researcher does not have control on such happenings
which have an impact on the X and Y relationship.
Mechanical Loss: A problem may be experienced due to equipment failure. For example, in an
experiment if the subjects are told that their behavior is being video taped, and during the experiment the video equipment failed to work for some subjects, then the validity of the results could becomedoubtful. the video equipment
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